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¡¡¡¡ ¡¾Ó¢ÎıêÌâ¡¿The Prototypes of the Very Idea of Artificial Intelligence in the 17th and 18th Century European Philosophy

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¡¡¡¡ ¡¾ÄÚÈÝÌáÒª¡¿ ¾¡¹ÜÈ˹¤ÖÇÄÜ¿ÆÑ§ÊÇÔÚ¶þÕ½ºó²ÅÔÚÎ÷·½¿Æ¼¼½çÓ¿Ïֵ쬵«Æä˼Ïë¸ùÃçÖÁÉÙ¿ÉÒÔÉÏËݵ½Ê®Æß¡¢Ê®°ËÊÀ¼ÍµÄÅ·ÖÞÕÜѧ¡£¾ßÌå¶øÑÔ£¬È˹¤ÖÇÄܵÄÕÜѧ¡°»ù´¡ÎÊÌ⡱¿É±»Ò»·ÖΪ¶þ£ºµÚÒ»£¬½¨Á¢Ò»¸öÄܹ»Õ¹ÏÖÕæÕýÈËÀàÖÇÄܵĴ¿»úеģÐÍ£¬ÔÚ¹ÛÄîÉÏÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÄÜ£¿µÚ¶þ£¬ÈôǰÊöÎÊÌâµÄ´ð°¸Êǿ϶¨µÄ£¬ÔõÑùµÄÈËÀàÐÄÖÇÄ£ÐͲÅÄܹ»ÎªÕâÖÖÄ£Ð͵Ľ¨Á¢Ìṩ×î¼ÑµÄ²ÎÕÕ£¿±¾ÎĽ«ÂÛÖ¤£¬µÑ¿¨¶ûºÍÀ³²¼Äá´Ä¶ÔÉÏÊöµÚÒ»¸öÎÊÌâ¶¼¸ø³öÁË·ñ¶¨µÄ»Ø´ð£¬¶ø»ô²¼Ë¹Ôò¸ø³öÁ˿϶¨µÄ»Ø´ð¡£ÖÁÓÚµÚ¶þ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ÐÝÚÓ¹ØÓÚÐÄÖǹ¹¼ÜµÄÖØ¹¹¹¤×÷£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪµ±´úAI¿ÆÑ§ÖеÄÁª½áÖ÷Òå½øÂ·µÄÏÈÇý£¬¶ø¿µµÂÔÚµ÷ºÍÖ±¹ÛºÍ˼άʱËù¸¶³öµÄŬÁ¦£¬ÔòΪµ±´úAIר¼ÒÕûºÏ¡°×Ô϶øÉÏ¡±½øÂ·ºÍ¡°´ÓÉÏÖÁÏ¡±½øÂ·µÄÖÖÖÖ·½°¸ËùÓ¦ºÍ¡£Ò»ÑÔÒÔ±ÎÖ®£¬Ê®Æß¡¢Ê®°ËÊÀ¼ÍµÄÅ·ÖÞÕÜѧʵÄËAI¿ÆÑ§µÄÒ»¸öDZÔڵġ°Öǿ⡱£¬¾¡¹ÜAI½çµÄÖ÷Á÷¶Ô´Ë²¢ÎÞÇå³þÖ®Òâʶ¡£

¡¡¡¡ Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a relatively new discipline emerging in the 20th century, its root can be traced back, minimally speaking, to the 17th and 18th century European Philosophy. Philosophers in these two centuries, knowing nothing about modern computer science notwithstanding, did approach to the philosophical foundation of AI by raising at least two questions: First, is it conceptually possible to build up a mechanical model which can perfectly behave as a genuine intelligent agent? Second, if the answer of the foregoing question is positive, what kind of the theory on human mind can be the best reference for the required model? I will argue that both Descartes and Leibniz offered a negative reply to the first question, while Hobbes offered a positive one. So far as the second question is concerned, Hume¡¯s reconstruction of cognitive architecture, as a theory of mind in its face-value, can be viewed as the blueprint of the contemporary connectionist approach in AI, whereas Kant¡¯s attempts to negotiate between intuition and thinking is echoed by AI scientists¡¯ attempts to integrate both the¡°bottomup¡±and¡°top-down¡±approaches as whole. In a nutshell, the 17th and 18th century European Philosophy can be viewed as a potential ¡°wisdom bank¡± for AI, although the mainstream of the AI circle is still ignorant of this fact.

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